Food and non-alcoholic beverages rose by 4.7% compared to September last year. Similarly, electricity, gas, and other household fuels rose by 11.4%, a knock-on effect of regulatory increases in fuel tariffs back in July.

Meanwhile, petrol and other transport fuel prices fell by 2% compared to last year.

Statistics Poland will publish more complete data on what drove September inflation in two weeks. However, the initial figures were in line with the expectations of economists polled by the Polish Press Agency (PAP).

Analysts at the bank ING said that there were two other major influences on the figures this month.

First, there was a rise in the costs of private education in September. An increase in teachers’ pay took effect last month and led to teaching facilities raising their prices, whether it be the price of guitar lessons or the cost of private studies, the economists write in a note to their clients.

Inflation last month increased, the bankers added, owing to the tailing off of deflationary effects caused by the introduction last year of fuel subsidies and reductions in prices for prescription drugs for seniors.