Yoon’s declaration of martial law late on Tuesday attempted to ban political activity and censor the media in South Korea, which has Asia’s fourth-largest economy and is a key U.S. ally.
Armed troops had forced their way into the National Assembly building in Seoul but stood back when parliamentary aides sprayed them with fire extinguishers. Lawmakers rejected the martial law decision while protesters scuffled with police outside.
On Wednesday evening, civic and labor groups held a candlelight vigil in downtown Seoul calling for Yoon’s resignation – a reminder of the massive candlelight protests that led to the impeachment of former President Park Geun-hye in 2017. They then marched to the presidential office.
Six South Korean opposition parties submitted a bill in parliament to impeach Yoon, who had already faced accusations of heavy-handed leadership from his opponents and from within his own party, with voting set for Friday or Saturday.
“We couldn’t ignore the illegal martial law,” lawmaker Kim Yong-min of the opposition Democratic Party told reporters. “We can no longer let democracy collapse.”
The leader of Yoon’s ruling People Power Party called for defense minister Kim Yong-hyun to be fired and the entire cabinet to resign. Kim has offered to resign, the defense ministry said.
The crisis rattled global financial markets and left South Korea's benchmark KOSPI index down 1.4%, taking its year-to-date losses to over 7% and making it the worst-performing major stock market in Asia this year.
No specific threats
Yoon told the nation in a television speech late on Tuesday that martial law was needed to defend the country from pro-North Korean anti-state forces, and protect the free constitutional order, although he cited no specific threats.
Within hours, South Korea’s parliament, with 190 of its 300 members present, unanimously passed a motion for martial law to be lifted, with 18 members of Yoon’s party present.
The president then rescinded the declaration of martial law, around six hours after its proclamation.
Protesters outside the National Assembly shouted and clapped. “We won!” they chanted, and one demonstrator banged on a drum.
Yoon was embraced by leaders in the West as a partner in a U.S.-led effort to unify democracies against growing authoritarianism in China, Russia and elsewhere.
But he caused unease among South Koreans by branding his critics as “communist totalitarian and anti-state forces” as his approval ratings slipped. In November, he denied wrongdoing in response to influence-peddling allegations against him and his wife and he has taken a hard line against labor unions.
Seoul appeared largely normal on Wednesday, with the usual rush hour traffic in trains and on the streets.
Strikes planned
But Hyundai Motor’s labor union announced plans to stage strikes on Thursday and Friday and some major employers, including Naver Corp and LG Electronics Inc advised employees to work from home.
Sales of canned goods, instant noodles and bottled water had soared overnight, said a major South Korean convenience store chain, which sought anonymity.
“I’m deeply disturbed by this kind of situation, and I’m very concerned about the future of the country,” 39-year-old Seoul resident Kim Byeong-in told Reuters.
The National Assembly can impeach the president if more than two-thirds of lawmakers vote in favor. A trial by the constitutional court follows, which can confirm the motion with a vote by six of the nine justices.
Yoon’s party has 108 seats in the 300-member legislature, which announced it will vote against his impeachment.
If Yoon were to resign or be removed from office, Prime Minister Han Duck-soo would fill in as leader until a new election would be held within 60 days.
US reacts
U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said he welcomed Yoon’s decision to rescind the martial law declaration.
“We continue to expect political disagreements to be resolved peacefully and in accordance with the rule of law,” he said in a statement.
South Korea hosts about 28,500 American troops as a legacy of the 1950-1953 Korean War.
Planned defense talks and a joint military exercise between the two allies were postponed amid the broader diplomatic fallout from the debacle.
South Korea’s political situation is an “internal matter,” China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi said. Russia said it was following the “tragic” events in South Korea with concern.
Martial law been declared more than a dozen times since South Korea was established as a republic in 1948. In 1980, a group of military officers forced then-President Choi Kyu-hah to proclaim martial law to crush calls for the restoration of democratic government.
Stankomir Nicieja, an associate professor at the University of Opole in Poland, told TVP World that by declaring martial law, Yoon “refreshed the memories in Korean society that most people believed were long buried, that belonged to the deep and not very good past of the Korean political system.”
